Challenges of Citing Websites, Blogs and Forums in Research Papers

There are many challenges of citing websites, blogs and forums in writing a research paper. There are many research paper writing services working to fight with such challenges. One of the services that is going on the top to face these challenges is . Web versus Print Sources A few educators will demoralize you from utilizing sources you find or access over the Internet. Albeit such limitations might be intemperate, there are motivations to be watchful. Its substantially less demanding to distribute data on the Internet than to distribute a book or periodical in print. Since its simpler, Web publications are not generally as cautious to ensure that the data is exact. For a certain something, print distributing is more costly, such a significant number of print distributors are mindful so as not to commit errors or to compromise, in the event that what they distribute ends up being problematic—and along these lines futile. No Author, No Authority With regards to writing in school, material from a significant part of the Internet is less dependable than print sources since its difficult to tell who composed or posted it. As talked about in the segment Why Cite?, the quintessence of scholastic grant is a discussion among creators. On numerous sites, its hard to decide the creator of the material. On the off chance that the site designers name is recorded, its still once in a while difficult to tell whether the data has been reproduced from some other source. In the event that you achieve a site through a web index, you may need to discover the web pages landing page or hunt around in the contact data with the end goal to recognize the creator or the association that supports the website. Kinds of Websites In this present guides talk of Internet sources, we draw refinements between different sorts of sites: those supported by associations, those committed to a solitary point, and private sites that are kept up by a solitary individual—regularly a dedicated fanatic of the subject under dialog. Somewhat, these classifications recognize progressively and less dependable wellsprings of data. Be that as it may, the refinements are neither clear nor completely steady. Nuts and bolts of Citing Websites When posting Internet sources in your References or Works Cited, the most vital thing to recollect is that you will probably make it simple for a reader to counsel your sources. (This equivalent objective is vital when posting print sources.) For most locales, that implies you ought to incorporate the full URL for the page you refer to in your paper (the web address that starts http). Be that as it may, sites change, and the location you utilized wont generally be dynamic when your reader attempts to see a source. Therefore, its critical to incorporate both the date you got to the site and furthermore a full record of the individual, gathering, or association that supports the site. Find out about the writer causes readers to evaluate the source and furthermore, now and again, to discover the source when the site has been moved or updated. Staying away from Plagiarism The simplicity of utilizing electronic wellsprings of any sort can make it harder to monitor where the source closes and your unique commitment starts—and you should dependably keep that refinement clear. Perceive How to Copy and Paste yet Not Plagiarize for guidance about how to utilize electronic sources admirably. Regarding Privacy The vast majority of this guide centers around helping you subordinate sources to your own thoughts. When all is said in done, we feature your need to regard creators scholarly or property rights, disclosing how to give individuals acknowledgment for their thoughts while recognizing your own unique commitments. However, the simplicity of utilizing electronic sources additionally raises threats about what may be called protection rights, driving you to make open words that the first creator planned just as private correspondence. When somebody talks in broad daylight, takes an interest in a meeting, or distributes a bit of composing, he or she certainly concurs that other individuals may allude to this material in research. Be that as it may, some electronic sources obscure the line among open and private correspondence. Indeed, even in this last classification, theres not a firm standard you can pursue. In the event that your college sends a declaration to all understudies by means of email, you may sensibly think about this open data. In the event that your closest companion uncovers something harming or humiliating in an email sent just to you, its obviously private. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where a teacher keeps in touch with you about something identified with the course. Or on the other hand on the off chance that you get a message that is sent just to the individuals from a little club? Duplicating Text without Plagiarizing One accommodation of utilizing electronic sources is the capacity—once youve chosen the sections you wish to cite—to reorder citations as opposed to having the retype them into your paper. Indeed, even before you start drafting a paper, reordering areas from your sources appears a simple method to take notes, so you can look the material over later without surfing back to the site. This very comfort, notwithstanding, likewise drives essayists into peril. Amidst inquiring about and taking notes, its simply too simple to glue citations into your document with the goal to return later and note down the source. When you come back to your draft, it tends to be difficult to recognize your very own composition from the entries youve duplicated. As talked about in Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism, the most exceedingly awful result of neglecting to recognize sources is to yourself: on the off chance that you glue in somebodys words as your own, you will pass up on the chance to include your analysis, and along these lines pass up on a chance to develop as a scholar and author. A large portion of this guide centers around such educated purposes behind working appropriately with sources, as opposed to stressing the punishments of written falsification. But since the reorder procedure is so normal, its particularly essential to caution you about its potential for maltreatment.

Biology on Surface Area to Volume Ratio Essay Essay Example

Biology on Surface Area to Volume Ratio Essay Essay Example Biology on Surface Area to Volume Ratio Essay Paper Biology on Surface Area to Volume Ratio Essay Paper As we all know. many chemical reactions go on within both unicellular and multicellular beings. Many utile substances have to spread into different cells in order to assist supply the necessary energy needed for these reactions to go on. at the same clip. the waste merchandises produced after these reactions have taken topographic point have to be removed and excreted. As the being increases in size through growing. more chemical activity will hold to go on and the rate of metamorphosis will besides increase. which means that more substances have to be taken in and to besides be removed. This is where the surface country to volume ratio comes into topographic point ; the ground why this ratio is so of import is because the surface country of a cell basically affects the rate of the transferring of utile substances ( through diffusion and osmosis etc. ) in and out of the being. On the other manus. the entire volume of the being besides affects the rate of the devising of stuff inside the cell and the ability to keep all of the substances. Whilst beings are easy turning and developing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. the volume of the being additions. but non to the same extent as the surface country ; this is because the organisms’ surface country additions at a much slower rate than its volume. Through research and experiments. it is evident that as the being grows. its surface country to volume ratio easy decreases. the tabular array to the right besides proves that this theory is true ; intending that it would go progressively hard for the being to obtain the needed foods and besides throw outing the wastes produced by metamorphosis. In the terminal. it becomes impossible for diffusion to happen expeditiously. where the cells becomes excessively big so they would split through the procedure of mitosis. For illustration. the air sac in our lungs have a comparatively high big surface country to volume ratio. significance that gas exchange in worlds happen at a fast and efficient rate ; the air sac has a big surface country for diffusion to go on. utile substances can spread into the blood vass easy. but at the same clip. the waste merchandises ( C dioxide ) can spread back into the air sac from the blood vas so that they can be breathed out easy.

Moral Dilemmas in Nursing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moral Dilemmas in Nursing - Coursework Example The dilemma assumes that the chooser will be guided by societal norms, codes, laws or religious teachings to make the choice ethically impossible. Ethical dilemmas are usually unpredictable, unforeseen and multidimensional which requires extraordinary measures. Medics usually face ethical dilemmas, for instance saving either a mother or unborn child in a delivery room.For nurses to be ethical, they must be just, autonomous, beneficent, veracious and have respect for other people's personalities and characters. Need, care and safety of the patients must always top the nurses’ priority list. The qualities of justice and fairness must be cultivated at all times and evil, or harm infliction must never cross a nurse’s mind. Health workers must always respect the patients’ decision since they have autonomy to make such decisions. However, many times, this becomes extremely difficult especially when a patient’s beliefs and values conflicts with the nurses’ , the latter has to be competent to solve the predicament. For instance, a patient may refuse to undergo a life-saving procedure or medication that the nurse sees necessary, a nurse withholding treatment on professional grounds may go against beneficence and disregard to a patient’s wishes. Violation of autonomy occurs in cases such as preventive suicide, maintenance of professional integrity and protection of third parties. Nurses at times violate patients’ privacy and confidentiality.

Cross-cultural communication and negotiation, strategy formulation and Essay

Cross-cultural communication and negotiation, strategy formulation and implementation - Essay Example There are communities that do not take lightly things such as bribes and payments that are questionable. On the other hand, others take this as a good gesture and it is their culture to give bribes or some sort of payments whenever a negotiation is going on. Gifts or monetary payments while negotiating in international business are required in gaining a positive action from officials in different governments. Yet this same move might cost one if applied in communities that do not take it lightly and consider it unacceptable. For instance, FCPA does prohibit a company that is US-based from giving any offering in form of money or in kind to a government official in a foreign country so as to get favors or win contracts. The other issue is how people in different cultures view joint ventures and strategic alliances. Some of the partners to an alliance may have a short term view of doing business for quick gains and benefits to the business. Such a strategy would require that only short- lived agreements are reached. On the other hand, there are people who believe in long-term development of business that has prospects for satisfactory profits in business. The joint venture negotiations end up failing if the two parties have differing views on the life of the business strategy (Sheppard 1-7). Formulation of a consistent and working strategy when facing a negotiation across culture could be quite tasking to a management team. Its implementation is also no easier. Many factors relating to inter-cultural issues do affect the success or failure of a negotiation strategy employed. If not successfully implemented, formulated strategies may fail. Their implementation therefore depends on how effective one applies his or her knowledge of cross-cutting factors among different cultural groups involved in the process. Institutional based relationships are also important when it comes to strategy formulation and implementation. These relate to relationships

English Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Proposal - Essay Example Traffic flux concentration around the campus area has created a wedge between the neighborhood and the campus. The rising animosity of the social and environment protecting NGOs, for the university, owes to the damage to the environment caused by encouraged use of automobiles and the university catering to this cause instead of putting it to a halt. The construction of the parking areas, their operation and maintenance takes a large portion of the funds from the university authorities that can be brought to use for other reasonable projects. "The university has created opportunities to make capital investments in buildings supporting education instead of structures for cars." Says Peter Dewy, assistant director of transportation services. The reliance on automobiles can be set off by the proposal I suggest to the Office of the Chancellor/ Public Affairs. This proposal would help bridge up the gap between the neighborhood and the campus, help sustain the environment, maintain green society, narrow down the budget, abate the traffic flux and give the students a breathing- friendly atmosphere. Students are chauffeured to their schools but once they start off with universities they prefer driving to their campus on their own. In a survey, almost out of every 10 students 7 owned their own cars. The increasing reliance on automobiles has rendered students incapable of even walking from one side of the campus to the other. A few colleagues use their cars to drive from their dormitories to the classes, which are only a few minute walk away. Colleges and universities are somewhat unique in their access requirements, since they are made out of different schools, each having its own specific needs to secure its assets. This poses many challenges in the process of designing a parking and access control system for them. Designing an efficient and cost effective automated access and parking system for university campuses goes

HIV Prevalence in Uganda

HIV Prevalence in Uganda Uganda (HIV/AIDS) Section 1: Between 2002-2011, the international non-profit NGO AVSI Foundation has supported Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) program in four Northern Ugandan districts: Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, and Agago. The program â€Å"aimed to be comprehensive, emphasizing social and medical care and support† and was successful in reducing HIV prevalence among HIV-exposed infants from 10.3% in 2004 to 5.0% in 2011, among other things. The MoH/AVSI PMTCT sites showed how a â€Å"comprehensive PMTCT program emphasizing social and community engagement alongside medical care and support can succeed in a remote setting with multiple challenges† (3). Despite the advances of the MoH/AVSI program, HIV/AIDS remains a critical issue in Uganda. Northern Uganda especially faces dispropriate challenges and adversities in regards to the national HIV/AIDS epidemic response. In 2011, the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey measured a national HIV prevalence of 7.3%, but the HIV prevalence in northern Uganda specifically was shown to be 8.3%. Also, Uganda has one of the largest crude birth rates in the world. In 2011 Ugandas birth rate was 42.1/1000 (3). In addition, Northern Uganda has faced great adversity from the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) during the period 1986-2006. There was an estimated two million individuals mandated to live in internally displaced people (IDP) camps from this violent discord (3). The fallout from the war between the government and the LRA had worsened already sparse health services in the north. Due to the high birth rate, HIV prevalence, and structural violence faced in northern Uganda, the AVSI Foundation proposes to extend the MoH/AVSI PMTCT program for an additional five years with support from the Global Fund. Support from the Global Fund will allow us to broaden PMTCT services in 24 Northern Uganda MoH facilities (located in Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, and Agago) and help expand these sustainable PMTCT service sites to other MoH facilities nationwide. Estimated Populations (2011) of Targeted Northern Ugandan Districts Kitgum 222,737 Lamwo 164,754 Pader 237,100 Agago 285,300 Link to Map: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zZ1ADMHAfHkY.krdFRCFxMCRQ Section 2: Goal: Impact Indicators Baseline* (Year 1) Target (Year 5) Reduction in HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants 5% 3% *2011 estimate The first and foremost goal is to reduce HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants by reducing Mother-to-child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV. MTCT occurs when an HIV-positive mother infects her infant with HIV during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding (1). Yet, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% if mothers undergo proper maternal ART treatment. The diagram below illustrates the many steps mothers need to take to successfully complete a PMTCT program. This series of complex steps is why it is absolutely critical to assist Ugandan mothers as much as possible to make successfully complete our program. However, even if HIV-positive mothers complete a PMTCT program in all of its entirety and give birth to an HIV-free infant, infants still remain at risk of HIV infection. Other channels, such as contaminated needles, can infect an infant who was initially born HIV-free. Thus, maintaining and promoting strict sanitation procedures, alongside a strong PMTCT program, is absolutely critical in reducing HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicators â€Å"number of HIV-exposed children (18 months or younger) tested† and the â€Å"number of HIV-exposed children (18 months or younger) that tested HIV-positive† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Section 3: Objectives: Outcome/coverage indicators Baseline* (Year 1) Target (Year 5) Increase the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities 81.1% 95% Increase the number of mothers who undergo HIV testing (in ANC) 96% 98% Increase proportion of HIV-positive mothers on ART treatment 78.5% 95% Increase antenatal care attendance (mothers) 20,032 50,000 *2011 estimate One of the main objectives is to increase the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities. It is absolutely critical for HIV-positive women to deliver in health facilities. After all, health facilities can provide better medical care and support than a traditional midwife would be able to in a home delivery. Furthermore, health facilities have more resources, equipment, and personnel to respond to any emergencies during delivery. Above all, delivering in a health facility will better guarantee the infant receives the appropriate antivirals need to PMTCT. HIV-positive women delivering at home run a higher risk of these crucial medications not being administered. Thus, increasing the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities better protects both the mother and the child, than a home delivery. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"percentage of HIV-positive women who delivered in health facilities† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Another objective is to increase the number of mothers who undergo HIV testing while in ANC. There are clearly many benefits for at risk individuals undergoing HIV-testing. However, the benefits of having undergone an HIV test are lost if the patient does not return to learn their result. Thus, it is absolutely crucial for our program will utilize â€Å"rapid testing at a women’s first antenatal clinic visit† (1). In contrast to a â€Å"conventional HIV test† that can take days or even weeks to attain results, â€Å"rapid tests can produce a result in as little as twenty minutes† (1). This will allow reduce the number of HIV-positive women who are lost from lack of follow-up and will also facilitate rapid enrollment of HIV-positive pregnant women into PMTCT program services. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"ANC women tested for HIV† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Another objective is to increase proportion of HIV-positive mothers on ART treatment (e.g. antiretroviral prophylaxis or triple antiretroviral therapy, depending on the circumstance). However, â€Å"to be fully effective, antiretroviral medication needs to reach newborn babies as well as their mothers† (1). The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicators â€Å"number of HIV-positive women who received ARV prophylaxis† and â€Å"percentage of ANC HIV-positive women started on prophylaxis† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Specifically, our program will utilize and adhere to the 2013 World Health Organization’s (WHO) Option B guidelines for PMTCT (until subsequent more effective recommendation plans replace it). The WHO’s 2013 Option B advocates to provide â€Å"Provide all HIV-positive pregnant or breastfeeding women with a course of antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission† (2). They explicitly state that a triple-drug antiretroviral treatment should be administered throughout pregnancy and delivery. Furthermore, breastfeeding mothers should persist on the triple-drug antiretroviral treatment until at least one week after stopping breastfeeding. The steps and procedures of Option B are outlined in the flowchart below. Another objective is to Increase antenatal (ANC) care attendance for mothers. After it has been shown that â€Å"A number of clinical processes, such as antenatal care and safe delivery, can improve the health of both mother and child† (4). ANC services offer certainly offer many benefits for mothers but their benefits (just like in HIV-testing), are lost if women do not take advantage and utilize these services. There are numerous reasons a mother may not seek ANC services, even if they are â€Å"free†. A huge factor is accessibility difficulties. Pregnant women in low income countries, like Uganda, often have an increased difficulty in utilizing maternal programs because of their busy schedules. They are heavily occupied in caring for children, working, and running numerous kinds of other errands. Furthermore, many mothers live far away from health clinics and may lack a reliable means of travel. Both of these issues creates a huge barrier for women who need antenatal care services, but struggle to access it. Thus, our program will offer basic care and support services (such as food/transportation vouchers, housing assistance, and child-care services) to help increase ANC attendance. After all organizations, such as Partners in Health, have proven that by seeking to overcome the â€Å"social barriers† to accessing care by implementing â€Å"wraparound services [e.g. transportation costs ]† can help in addressing some of the â€Å"social and economic determinants of ill health† (4). The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"ANC attendance† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Section 4: Activities: Main Activities Process/Output Indicators Program Year 1 Target Program Year 5 Target Responsible/implementing agencies Free/accessible HIV testing and antenatal care services for mothers ANC attendance (# persons) 30,000 50,000 Ministry of Health Maternal mobile teams Number home-births assisted 2,000 10,000 AVSI HIV counseling for mothers and their partners % HIV-positive mothers participating in therapy 25% 50% AVSI One of the main activities to be conducted is providing free and accessible HIV testing and antenatal care for mothers. Indeed, it has been proven, on behalf of the structural adjustment era, that â€Å"user fees in many resource-poor settings deterred the poor from accessing any health services (4). Likewise, charging service fees for PMTCT services would create a huge barrier for the poorest northern Ugandan mothers. On the other hand, providing financial support to mothers would encourage and give incentive for mothers to continue to attend and adhere to PMTCT program services. Thus, financial support will be given to mothers who attain antenatal services and HIV testing. This will not only help support poor Ugandan mothers, but will also reduces the likelihood of mothers being lost by lack of follow-up. Another activity that will be conducted is using maternal mobile teams to reach at risk mothers who have an increased difficulty and/or refusal to travel. After all, some pregnant women, despite being offered transportation services and/or financial support, will refuse to deliver in health facilities for whatever reason. Therefore, maternal mobile teams will be trained to provide â€Å"services such as HIV education, testing and counseling, and advice on infant feeding† (1). Maternal mobile teams should be used for the women who deliver at home and ensure that those who have tested positive for HIV have access to the essential antiretrovirals needed for PMTCT. Indeed, keeping track of mothers (especially HIV-positive mothers) who plan to delivery at home will be a challenge. Consequently, this will be a major a coordinating responsibility of community health workers who will be responsible for the gathering the necessary records (i.e. HIV-positive pregnant mothers) to pass on to the maternal mobile teams. Additionally, HIV counseling for mothers and their partners will be provided at no cost. Indeed, biomedical treatments are not the only thing needed for a successful HIV intervention. Social and emotional support are also crucial. Unfortunately it can sometimes prove difficult to persuade men to attend such services that are often regarded as â€Å"women’s clinics dealing with women’s issues† (1). Nevertheless, another vital activity will be to train and engage community health workers who will be paid to promote maternal education and social support to mothers. After all, the use of expert clients and other community-based volunteers helps reduce the stigma and discrimination of mothers living with HIV. It also helps improve the utilization of basic care services and adherence to Antiretroviral (ARV) Therapy. The term â€Å"expert clients† refers to people who are currently HIV/AIDs positive who serve as experienced role models for other PLHIV. Currently, expert clients work in almost every Ugandan ART site, engaging in various activities ranging from promoting health education to providing psychosocial support for PLHIV. Furthermore, mothers will be either followed up with an invitation to come to the health facility for specific interventions/services or visited by a team of health professionals (i.e. a maternal mobile team). Section 5: Our goals and objectives fit within the National Plan because they complement and scale-up an HIV infection prevention campaign to one of the most disadvantaged regions in the country, Karamoja. This 2013 campaign, called Elimination of Mother-to-Child-Transmission of HIV (eMTCT), is part of the Ugandan government’s large-scaled efforts to prevent new HIV infections. Furthermore, our goals and objectives further assist Uganda in their Ministry of Health 2010-2015 Scale Up Plan for PMTCT that aims to achieve an HIV-free generation of Ugandans by 2015 through the virtual elimination of MTCT of HIV, which utilizes a Sector-Wide Approach (1). Indeed, it is extremely critical to work with the public sector and not against the public sector. Our program is committed to working in public sector PMTCT health systems because â€Å"only governments can enshrine health as a human right and then implement programs to safeguard this right for its citizens on a national scale† (4). Section 6: a) We will involve Ugandan mothers by providing HIV counseling services for mothers and their partners. Social support is a crucial component of providing medical services. Indeed it has been shown that when â€Å"male partners are involved, both partners can get tested for HIV, know their status, and therefore improve the baby’s chances of a healthy survival† (1). Furthermore, counselors are better able to â€Å"emphasise the man’s responsibility for protecting the health of his partner and family† and can also advance the use of PMTCT services, â€Å"resulting in much higher rates of treatment uptake† (1). b) Community participation will be fostered by using community health workers to promote awareness, attendance, and adherence to PMTCT services. Specifically, community-based female volunteers who are â€Å"expert clients† (current HIV-positive mothers who serve as mentors and have experience with overcoming HIV-related stigma) will especially be invaluable. After all, community health workers can gain the trust of mothers who will thus be more likely to adhere to PMTCT services. c) This PMTCT campaign will help to improve the status of women in Uganda by empowering mothers to be active, confident, and assertive actors in the health of their children. Indeed, educating women is crucial to improving the health of infants. By increasing maternal education for mothers, indicators such as infant mortality will be reduced. d) Social equality is promoted by providing free antenatal care, HIV testing, and free antiretroviral treatment (WHO’s Option B); we are removing the financial barrier that would keep the poorest mothers from attaining maternal services. Indeed it is of the utmost importance to avoid punitive user fees† and other â€Å"cost-sharing devices that shift the burden of payment to those least able to pay† (4). As mentioned previously, charging user fees for services would exclude poorer populations. Not only will free treatment be provided, but financial support will be given to women who adhere to therapy. e) There will be an emphasis on education and expansion of programs nationwide to promote human resources development. We will train community health workers. These community health workers will pass on their training to mothers. These mothers will likewise be encouraged to share their acquired knowledge with friends, relatives, and other community members. In other words, creating a dynamic chain reaction of teaching will be a huge focus of this program. Moreover, we wish to spread the effectiveness of our PMTCT program from northern Uganda to other parts of the country. After all, â€Å"addressing maternal and child health comprehensively will require training more health workers; strengthening referral networks between communities, health centers, and hospitals; and ensuring adequate supplies at care centers- all elements of a robust health system† (4). Section 7: There may be potential opposition from the local context regarding the empowering of women our services inevitably (and justly) bring. According to the Foundation for Sustainable Development, â€Å"women face . . . discrimination, low social status, lack of economic self sufficiency, and greater risk of HIV/AIDS infection† (5). Because women typically have lower status than men in Uganda, some natives may potentially view this education and empowerment of women as a threat to their culture. The best way to address it will be to involve the mothers boyfriends, husbands, etc as much as possible in the lessons and counseling. Promoting equity is a crucial measure and indicator of a successful program. Another potential opposition to the plan will be the barrier of HIV-testing stigma that keeps mothers from getting HIV-testing. The best way to address this is to integrate HIV-testing as a standard part of antenatal care. Instead of asking women if they would like to â€Å"opt in† (receive HIV- testing), one would only ask them if they would like to â€Å"opt out† (not receive HIV-testing). In other words, if HIV-testing is set as the default option, women will be more comfortable with receiving it. And thus, overtime, HIV-testing will be normalized and become common practice, which will help remove the barrier of stigma. In brief, removing the â€Å"special status given to HIV testing helps to make it more acceptable† (1) Finally, any other existing NGOs in the area who are doing similar PMTC work may create conflict with our plan. There may be some â€Å"turf war† as different NGOs commonly have different agendas. The best way to address any NGO conflict is to do preliminary research to ensure we set up the PMTCT care services in areas that are not disrupting any â€Å"parallel programs†. References AIDS Education and Research Trust. Preventing PMTCT. AVERT. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. http://www.avert.org/preventing-mother-child-transmission-pmtct-practice.htm>. AIDS Education and Research Trust. WHO Guidelines. AVERT. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. http://www.avert.org/who-guidelines-pmtct-breastfeeding.htm>. Bannink-Mbazzi, Femke, MA. High PMTCT Program Uptake and Coverage of Mothers, Their Partners, and Babies in Northern Uganda: Achievements and Lessons Learned Over 10 Years of Implementation (2002–2011). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 62.5 (2013). JAIDS. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc., 27 July 2012. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2013/04150/High_PMTCT_Program_Uptake_and_Coverage_of_Mothers,.20.aspx>. Farmer, Paul. Reimagining Global Health: An Introduction. Berkeley: University of California, 2013. Print. Gender Equity Issues in Uganda. Gender Equity Issues in Uganda. Foundation for Sustainable Development. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. http://fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues>.

Momma Lowrider: Sandra Teran of Dukes Car Club :: Essays Papers

Momma Lowrider: Sandra Teran of Duke's Car Club On Easter Sunday of last year, the sound of gunfire, then police sirens, interrupted the music booming from the cars on South Sixth Avenue. Three people died and six were injured in two separate shootings that occurred within an hour of each other on the street crowded with cars and people (Stauffer). This event reinforced the way the public often views cruisers: as violent juveniles or gang-bangers engaging in a dangerous, vain activity. The violence of Easter Sunday, however, does not typify cruising or cruisers. Cruising - and the intense work that goes into making a car, especially a lowrider, truly "cruise-worthy" - offers an alternative to violence and gangs. Often, a car club helps with the work of customizing a ride, giving the owner advice on how to get the look of the car just right. Duke's Car Club has been one of the most popular and visible car clubs in Tucson since it was founded forty years ago (Teran 10/8/01). Sandra Teran, a member of Duke's Car Club, represents an a spect of cruising and car clubs that few people are aware of: family involvement and community pride. When it comes to cruising, lowriders star in the show, and have for the last thirty years. "Lowrider" signifies any automobile, from trucks to cars to motorcycles, customized to ride low to the ground. The asphalt-scraping suspension isn't the only alteration; the cars often sport elaborate paint jobs, expensive wire rimmed wheels, plush upholstery, and tough hydraulics systems. The cars' owners, also called lowriders, display their cars by cruising slowly down the street or exhibiting them at car shows. Despite the time and money put into a lowrider, lowriding is not just about the cars. It is also about family and community, as Sandra Teran explained to me when I interviewed her. Sandra is prominent in the lowriding community, and driving up to her home I could see why. Three classic luxury cars sat in the driveways, their meticulous paint gleaming. The love for all things classic extends to the inside of her home; two jukeboxes stand by the front door and a photo of one of her son s wearing a zoot suit hangs on the wall. I arrived a few minutes early for our interview, and Sandra had gone to pick up one of her grandchildren, so I sat and waited.

Being a Good Friend

Mean Girls Friends are very important because your life would be miserable without them. You need people to talk to sometimes. Sometimes when you’re lonely you just need a friend. Friends are there for you, they need you and you need them. Friends make your life enjoyable. Going behind someone’s back is very wrong and happens at Peters Township sometimes. It can ruin friendships if people find out about their friends doing such a thing.You can lose other friends and people may not like you if they found out what you did. When new kids come to school they don’t really fit in. We need to help them fit in and make new friends. New students usually don’t have any friends before they get to a new school. When a new student arrives we should make them feel welcome and have a day to know them. If you’re getting bullied all you have to do is bring a baseball bat to school.Then hit the people bullying you with it. They won’t bully you anymore. You cou ld tell a teacher instead, but I support the baseball bat idea. To maintain a healthy relationship you have to be honest, respectful, and nice. If you’re not honest they can’t trust you. You have to respect them and they will respect you. If you’re not nice they won’t want to be friends with you. You need to do a lot of things to have a healthy relationship, but there easy and simple things.

Canadian Provinces and Territories Translated to French

Canadian Provinces and Territories Translated to French Canada is officially a bilingual country, so each Canadian province and territory has both an English and a French name. Notice which are feminine and which are masculine. Knowing the gender will help you choose the correct definite article and geographical prepositions to use with each province and territory. In Canada, since 1897, names on official federal government maps have been authorized through a national committee, now known as the  Geographical Names Board of Canada  (GNBC). This includes both English and French names  since both languages are official in Canada. 10m of 33.5m Canadians Speak French According to the countrys  2011  Census of Population, in 2011, close to 10  million in a total national population of 33.5  million reported being able to conduct a conversation in French, compared with less than 9.6  million in 2006.  However, the proportion of those being able to speak French declined slightly to 30.1% in 2011, from 30.7% five years earlier. (The total Canadian population is estimated to have grown to  36.7  in 2017 since the 2011 Canadian census.) 7.3m of 33.5m Canadians Call French Their Mother Tongue Approximately 7.3  million Canadians reported French as their mother tongue  and 7.9  million spoke French at home at least on a regular basis. The number of Canadians  with French as their first official language spoken increased from 7.4  million in 2006 to 7.7  million in 2011. Canadas francophonie  is centered in Quebec, where  6,231,600, or 79.7 percent of Quebecers, consider  French their mother tongue. Many more speak French at home:  6,801,890, or 87 percent of the Quebec population. Outside Quebec, three-quarters of those reporting they speak French at home live in  New  Brunswick or Ontario, while the presence of French has grown in Alberta and British Columbia.​ The 10 Canadian Provinces   French English L'Alberta Alberta La Colombie-Britannique British Columbia Le Manitoba Manitoba Le Nouveau-Brunswick New Brunswick La Nouvelle-Écosse Nova Scotia L'Ontario Ontario Le Quà ©bec Quebec La Saskatchewan Saskatchewan La Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador ÃŽle-du-Prince-Édouard Prince Edward Island The 3 Canadian Territories French English Le Nunavut Nunavut Les Territoires du Nord-Ouest Northwest Territories Le Yukon (Territoire) Yukon (Territory) ​

How to Write a History Essay Full Guide for Busy Students

How to Write a History Essay Full Guide for Busy Students A history essay has more or less the same distinctive characteristics as any other essay. The main feature of an essay is the relative ambiguity of the term. Depending on the preferences of the educational institution you attend and your teacher (tutor, professor), your age, academic level and the particular type of essay you’ve been assigned with, the task may be very different in size, purpose, style, accepted language choices, structure and many other aspects. But from a classic five-paragraph type you’ve been dealing with since middle school to freeform university assignments, you are dealing with one and the same general type of writing, and they all follow more or less the same principles. Choosing a Topic for Your History Essay The choice of topic is, hands down, the most important aspect of the entire process. A poorly chosen topic can result in a lower grade, and the essay itself will be a pain to write. First, check the amount of freedom you are given in the matter. If the topic has been assigned to you and you don’t like it, ask the teacher if you are allowed to make any changes. Sometimes even a small alteration of the original task can make your job much easier and more enjoyable. Don’t be afraid to ask – chances are, your teacher will be pleased to see somebody taking the job seriously for a change. Ideally, you should choose a topic that is of personal interest for you. If you are interested in a topic, you are more likely to know more about it than is prescribed by the curriculum and will be able to use this additional knowledge. It is also just plain easier to write about something you are passionate about – or at least something that you have a definite point of view on. If there is no chance of finding a topic you are interested in, try choosing one you just know some unusual additional information about or have an easy access to such information (for example, if your relative or friend works for a Civil War museum or collects Prohibition Era memorabilia). Having an unusual angle or insight can be a great advantage. Study the existing body of research on the topic and get acquainted with basic facts and data concerning the facts, situations and events. Learn what has already been researched and in what detail, what are the most widespread viewpoints shared by the scholars. Judging by your findings you will get an idea of an area that has a lot of supporting information (or vice versa, the one that is mostly unstudied if you want a challenge). However, make sure you are going to have enough material. Narrow down and refine the topic. Remember: academia is all about going deep, not covering as much as possible. An essay and a dissertation may cover the same, very narrow topic – the difference will be in how deep the study is going to be and how many sources will be used. Therefore, the more specific your topic is, the better. You cannot write â€Å"about Ancient Rome†. You have to choose a specific period of its history, an event, a person or an event in a person’s life. Think about what aspects of history you are interested in. Is it biographies? Battles? Parallels and contrasts of societies? Even if the topic is provided by your professor, you still should be able to refine it – at least try to change it if you think it will make it better. Formulate your topic as a question. Make sure you keep returning to this question throughout the process of writing – it is all too easy to drift away from your initial goal. Once you’ve finished, discuss the question of your choice with your professor and find out if it is valid – if you are offered some suggestions on how to change your topic, it is usually better to agree, because your professor has most likely seen enough papers to have an idea which topics work and which don’t. Here are some examples of topics that you can get using this approach: The Role of Hannibal’s Crossing the Alps in the Development of Socio-economic Ties between Italy and Western Europe; The Influence Of Puritanism on Modern American Culture; Margaret Thatcher and Her Role in World History; Anglo-zanzibar War: the Shortest Armed Conflict in Recorded History; Homer: What Influence Does the Semi-legendary Author of The Iliad and The Odyssey Have on History and Literature? Causes and Effects of China’s One-child Policy. Why Was It Finally Replaced by Two-child Policy? Pre-Writing Tips Gather up Your Sources An essay, even a research-oriented one, doesn’t require an extensive bibliography – you simply won’t have enough space to use all the data you’ve gathered. However, you should have at least some books, articles and suchlike in your bibliography to demonstrate your work with sources. Make sure the few sources you use are recent, well-documented and have good reputation. Do Your Research Even if you know the topic well, you should dig a little bit deeper – who knows, perhaps things have changed since you last dealt with it? Study your source while making notes all the time. If you want to make a really good job, start ahead of time – thus you will be able to read more and approach the task better informed. Don’t Neglect Facts that Disagree with You If you find info that makes your point doubtful or outright refutes it, take it into account. Check the source’s credibility. You may want to change your topic or viewpoint based on how legitimate these facts are. Analyze High-Quality Writing on the Topic As you do your research, you will come upon well-written works by other authors on your topic. Take note of such pieces of work and try to analyze them. What makes them better than average? What tips and tricks can you learn from them? Brainstorm Try to think about an original approach to the information you already have and places where you can get additional data. Prepare an Outline Outline what you are going to write about, in any form that is natural for you. It may be a list of ideas to mention in order of importance, a diagram, a mind map or something else entirely. The form is not important – what is important is making it self-explanatory. Make sure it contains everything you intend to cover in your essay so that you don’t forget anything. History Essay Writing Prompts You Must Follow Body It may be a little bit counter-intuitive, but in most cases, you shouldn’t start writing your essay with trying to think about a good title and an attention-grabbing introduction. 4 times out of 5, you will either encounter problems in the course of writing or find your writing drifting in an unusual direction, forcing you to rewrite the title later on. First of all, remember that the body should constitute most of your essay, and you should judge by it when you estimate how much more you can write. Always remember about the word limit and don’t exceed it. However, it doesn’t mean that you should limit yourself while you write: if you feel that you have to say something, do so. You will have an opportunity to trim the fat later on. Avoid using sweeping statements and overly generalized declarations, especially if you don’t intend to prove them. Try not to use personal pronouns or refer to yourself in general – you should try to look as objective and non-judgmental as possible. Make sure you use proper transitions between paragraphs. Don’t start new thoughts out of the blue – make sure you complete dissecting one idea in one paragraph and provide logical connection with the following idea. Don’t forget to address facts and ideas that don’t go hand in hand with yours – otherwise you may be asked to comment on them later on, and it is always better to deal with the opposition on your terms. Title and Introduction Now that the body of the essay is written, you can decide how best to lead the reader to the ideas you want to share. The goal of the title is to get the reader interested in the contents of your essay, make them want to read it. Of course, if you write for class your teacher will read it anyway, but even so, a good title can create a valuable first impression. Try to create a hook – a creative element to attract the reader. It may be an unusual juxtaposition of concepts, a catchy quote from your essay, a thought-provoking statement – it all depends on your topic. Don’t be too general, avoid all-encompassing words like â€Å"life†, â€Å"society†, â€Å"world† and so on, they make you sound too grandiose. Try to be specific and stick to the concepts that are most important for the topic of your essay. As for introduction, it should be consistent with the title, ideally – supporting or continuing the thought started there. The first sentence is always the most important – it builds the first impression about the work in general and you as its author, and it is extremely difficult to get rid of it afterwards. If the reader isn’t obliged to read the essay, he may even stop doing it completely or simply look through the rest without actually reading it. Thus, avoid beginnings like â€Å"this essay is about† or â€Å"N was born in†. Make it interesting, unusual, force the reader to read on. If you cannot jump to the topic of your essay directly from the first sentence, start with the necessary explanations, but don’t take too long or you risk boring your reader. Conclusion Just like the title and introduction, conclusion is best written when the rest of the work is done. In most cases you should align it with the introduction, mostly repeating all the statements or questions you’ve declared in the beginning and either finding them true or disproving them (although it heavily depends on the type of essay you are writing). Try to answer questions like â€Å"What are the implications of my study of the subject?†, â€Å"Have I answered the question I stated in the beginning?†, â€Å"What problems remained unsolved?†. Make sure your arguments and statements naturally lead the reader towards the conclusion you’ve made – don’t start proving things all over again now, the results should be obvious from the rest of the essay by this point. If they are not, you are doing something wrong. The last sentence should be the emotional center of the essay – you should finish on a strong note, not leaving the reader any option but to agree with your point of view. The first sentence motivates the reader to read on and pay attention. The last sentence is what the essay is primarily remembered for. Post-Writing History Essay Tips from Our Expert Writers When you write the last word, your work is far from finished. Now it is time to revise, correct and edit your paper to perfection. Wait If you have time, leave the essay alone for a couple of days, don’t look at it and don’t think about it. This will allow you to see it in fresh light when you do so, and many of the mistakes you’ve missed before will become obvious. Check Your Grammar, Syntax and Punctuation Consult relevant textbooks if necessary, make sure you’ve correctly used symbols like semicolons and dashes. Check the definitions of all the words you are unsure about in a dictionary. If you find yourself using exclamation marks, better remove them – serious academic works aren’t well suited for emotional outbursts. Trim the Fat Carefully reread the entire essay and eliminate every word or sentence that isn’t necessary for the understanding of the whole. Even if you fit in the word count, you may want to make the essay a bit slimmer – just to keep it more dynamic. Remove all the information that doesn’t directly relate to the topic, even if you think it to be really interesting. Check Your Style It should be consistent with academic work: no colloquial or slang words, abbreviations and overly emotional expressions. If you want your work to be taken seriously, be serious. Check the Logic See if your ideas naturally flow from one into another and add the necessary transitions if necessary. Ask Other People Give your essay to your friends or relatives to read and ask what they think. Ask somebody to read it to you aloud – when delivered in someone else’s voice, it may produce a different impression, making obvious the parts that are lacking. Redo if Necessary Don’t be afraid to rewrite the essay in parts or even in its entirety. Sometimes it is necessary to achieve good results.

Condition monitoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Condition monitoring - Essay Example Common electrical components like transformers and power cables are tested for partial discharge as part of a quality assessment framework. In fact, detection of partial discharge is a common practice adopted by electrical manufacturers across the world since the 1980s. Testing for partial discharge is necessary to improve the quality and reliability of electrical systems, as it has been cited as one of the primary reasons for failure of electrical systems (Bengtsson, 2003). The presence of partial discharge indicates a partial damage to the insulation that can lead to speaking effects along the insulation surface. Thus, detecting partial discharge helps in the identification of flaws like cracks and voids where there is a maximum probability of electrical stresses that can lead to a breach of the insulation. The analysis of partial discharge can be carried out using several predictive tests that identify any degradation of the insulation before such a condition leads to the damage o f the system. Such testing can further be carried out in standard operating conditions and does not require any special arrangements. Zhiqiang, (2004) says that typical methods of detection include acoustic, electrical and chemical techniques that do not affect the insulation system. Besides, all these methods for detection can be undertaken at reasonable costs and thus find widespread acceptance in the industry. This paper discusses the acoustic method of partial discharge (PD) detection by describing the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. Further, data has been sourced from 6 different research papers that analyze the acoustic PD method from different perspectives. Discussions and inferences from these individual papers has been presented and compared wherever appropriate. Possible future trends for acoustic PD testing have also been discussed in brief. Acoustic detection of PD Blackburn (1998) says that the acoustic method for PD detection relies on the identification , processing and storage of the signal resulting from a partial discharge. The acoustic signal generated during a PD occurrence is detected and recorded by the acoustic PD testing arrangement. The technique is similar to the generation of thunder during a storm. The acoustic signal is generated when a current streamer develops within the void space. The material surrounding this volume becomes vaporized leading to an explosion that releases a detectable amount of mechanical energy. The released energy then travels along the electrical system’s volume as a pressure field. The acoustic PD detection technique is mostly used in gas-insulated substations as well as in High-voltage transformers. Detections systems that employ this method are also differentiated based on their construction, into internal and external acoustic PD systems. Internal PD systems consist of a sensor that is placed within the transformer tank to detect the magnitude of the pressure wave through the oil med ium. In contrast, external PD systems are based on sensors that are attached to the outside wall of the transformer tank to monitor the pressure wave. Amongst these two methods, the external PD systems are more widely used in the industry due to the ease of construction and operation (Darley, 2001). The main benefit of the acoustic PD detection method over other available techniques is that the information on the position of the PD can be retrieved instantly from the PD detection system through

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example So, what is the cross-section where these two areas meet? Is it ever ethical to, in effect, â€Å"sell† body parts? Blood and semen are bodily fluids that are donated for money—so what would make donating body parts that much more different? For one thing, the sale of body parts in the U.S.—or anywhere else, as a matter of fact—is ethically questionable, at best. According to Wilkinson (2003), â€Å"Many of the arguments [we will] address†¦apply equally to all body parts and, indeed, to all body products† (pp. 101). Legally speaking, the sale of body parts is strictly forbidden in the United States. According to Gunning and Holm (2007), â€Å"For example, property right in human body or body parts is forbidden in the United States† (pp. 169). This is for many reasons, one of them being that the idea of trading body parts for cash could lead to the poor and disadvantaged selling their body parts for money. Also, people might sell these bo dy parts wholesale, making the black market for body parts even greater. Section II. Five Ethical Issues Associated With the Sale of Body Parts Five ethical issues with regard to the sale of body parts—outside of the biomedical ethical standpoint—is that such a practice would be morally wrong, it would take away the human dignity of the sellers, it would take away the human dignity of the person whose body part would be taken, it would take away from the dignity of the doctors, and also create greed within the buyers. The mere practice of selling body parts would be wrong—not to mention the donation of an organ—in Judaism and Islam. The importance of the body being whole is emphasized due to the fact that going to the afterlife depends upon how one took care of one’s body. According to Holland and Johnson (1998), â€Å"For it may be thought that the human body has a significance that is incompatible with treating its parts as items for sale in a b ody shop or that such treatment is an affront to human dignity and respect for self† (pp. 192). Sellers’, doctors’, and recipients’ dignity would also be compromised. The dignity of the person whose body part would be taken would definitely be diminished by donating a body part for cash. According to Miller (2010), â€Å"It doesn't follow, though, that the sale of body parts is good for the parties or for the rest of us. Such sales—or gifts—might unduly alienate the seller from parts of his or her body that are and should remain so integral to [oneself]† (pp. 235). Section III. The Position of a Biomedical Products Engineer on the Sale of Body Parts, Using Two Ethical Theories (Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule) The two ethical theories that were selected were utilitarianism and the Golden Rule. Both of these ethical theories could both be applied to the pro as well as the con sides of the argument. With regard to utilitarianism, biom edical products can be used expediently for the greatest good of all. That may seem to endorse the sale of organs or body parts, but actually it doesn’t, therefore it shouldn’t be allowed. The sale of organs is actually prohibited for the good of everyone, because such sales would ultimately create a larger black market for body parts, and murders would skyrocket in number. Utilitarianism is generally regarded as â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number.† Of course, utilitarianism does not always end up being the best deal out fo the bunch. According to Brandt (1992), â€Å"